The field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit consisting of internal hardware blocks with user-programmable interconnects to customize operation for a specific application. The interconnects can readily be reprogrammed, allowing an FPGA to accommodate changes to a design or even support a new application during the part's lifetime. The FPGA has its roots in earlier devices such as programmable read-only memories (PROMs) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). Many applications rely on the parallel execution of identical operations. The ability to configure the FPGA's CLBs into hundreds or thousands of identical processing blocks has applications in image processing, artificial intelligence (AI), data center hardware accelerators, enterprise networking, and automotive advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Many of these application areas are changing as requirements evolve, new protocols and standards are adopted. FPGAs enable manufacturers to imple...